Enceladus

Second major satellite outward from Saturn. Little was known about this object other than its orbit until the flyby of the American planetary probe Voyager 2 in 1981. Approaching as close as 87,140 km (54,146 miles), the spacecraft revealed that Enceladus is complex geologically; observations of its surface indicate that the satellite has undergone five distinct evolutionary periods.

Tachikawa

City, Tokyo to (metropolis), Honshu, Japan. It lies along the Chuo Line (railway), east of Tokyo city. In 1922 an army airfield was constructed nearby, and large munitions and aircraft factories were concentrated in the city. After World War II the military installations were taken over by the U.S. Air Force; the air base was returned to Japan in 1977. Tachikawa is now a commercial centre

Deception Bay

Bay and resort town, southeastern Queensland, Australia. In 1823 the explorer John Oxley named the local stream the Deception River (now called the Caboolture River), because of the numerous shoals at its mouth. The river gave its name to the bay into which it flows, which in turn gave its name to the community. The town of Deception Bay offers safe swimming areas, fishing, boating,

Hackney

Hackneys are heavily muscled, with wide chests, deep bodies, and arched necks; they average 14.2 to 15.2 hands

Nilo-saharan Languages

The considerable typological diversity that characterizes the Nilo-Saharan languages corresponds to their wide geographic spread. Structural properties - for example, with respect to sound systems and word order - often are shared with unrelated neighbouring language groups. Thus, rich and complex consonant systems with universally rare distinctions - such

I-lan

Hsien (county), northeastern Taiwan, occupying an area of 825 square miles (2,137 square km) and bordered by the hsien of T'ai-pei (north), T'ao-y�an and Hsin-chu (west), and T'ai-chung and Hua-lien (south) and by the Philippine Sea (east). The Chung-yang Mountains extend over the southern part, and the Hs�eh-shan Mountains border the northwestern part of I-lan hsien. In the northeast, the I-lan River

Lea, River

River rising north of Luton in the county of Bedfordshire, England. It flows for 46 miles (74 km) east and then south to enter the River Thames near Bromley-by-Bow, in the London borough of Tower Hamlets. In the 17th century an important aqueduct known as the New River was constructed in the valley of the Lea. Much of the valley has seen considerable industrial development, and many

Muhammad, The emigration from Mecca to Medina

In the summer of 621, 12 men from Medina, visiting Mecca for the annual pilgrimage to the Ka'bah (still a pagan shrine), secretly professed themselves Muslims to Muhammad and went back to make propaganda for him at Medina. At the pilgrimage in June 622 a representative party of 75 persons from Medina, including two women, not merely professed Islam but also took an oath to defend Muhammad

Zanzibar

Both Zanzibar and Pemba are believed to have once formed part of the African continent, the

Jackson, Andrew

When Jackson arrived in Nashville, the community was still a frontier settlement. As prosecuting attorney, Jackson was principally occupied with suits for the collection of debts. He was so successful in these litigations that he soon had a thriving private practice and had gained the friendship of landowners and creditors. For almost 30 years Jackson was allied with this group in Tennessee politics. Jackson boarded in the home of Colonel John Donelson, where he met and married the colonel's daughter, Rachel Robards (Rachel Jackson).

Heterotrich

Any member of the ciliated protozoan order Heterotrichida. Complete ciliation is typical, although there is a tendency toward loss of the cilia, which are minute, hairlike processes, in several families (Peritromidae, Licnophoridae). Heterotrichs are considered the most primitive of the subclass Spirotrichia because of their uniform ciliation.

Cole, Fay-cooper

After graduating from Northwestern University in 1903, Cole did postgraduate work at the University of

Shuang-ya-shan

Pinyin �Shuangyashan, � city, Heilungkiang sheng (province), China. Shuang-ya-shan, also known as Chien-shan, is a new city that has grown up since 1949; its importance is based entirely on coal production. The Shuang-ya-shan coalfield, on the northern slopes of the Wan-ta Mountains, covers an area of 115 square miles (300 square km) and has estimated reserves of 160,000,000 tons of high-quality coal. Almost the entire population

Hood (of Whitley), Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount

Hood entered the navy in 1741, becoming a lieutenant in 1746. During the Seven Years' War he served in the English Channel and then the Mediterranean. In 1778, after further service in North America, he became commissioner of the dockyard at Portsmouth and governor of

Kubera

In Hindu mythology, the king of the yaksas (nature spirits) and the god of wealth. He is associated with the earth, mountains, all treasures such as minerals and jewels that lie underground, and riches in general. According to most accounts he first lived in Lanka (Sri Lanka), but his palace was taken away from him by his half brother, Ravana, and he now resides in a beautiful mountain

Rawlings, Marjorie Kinnan

Marjorie Kinnan graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1918. The next year she married Charles A. Rawlings, a newspaperman, and worked for periods as a reporter and feature writer for the Louisville Courier-Journal and the

Spooner, John (coit)

Spooner moved to Wisconsin as a youth. After service in the Union Army during the Civil War, he was admitted to the bar (1867). He began a law practice at Hudson, Wis., and eventually became best known in legal circles as counsel for railroad interests.

Ruysdael, Salomon Van

Originally named de Goyer, as was his brother Isaak (also a painter and the father of Jacob van Ruisdael), Salomon entered the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke in 1628. His first dated pictures are from 1627. He spent his whole life in Haarlem,

Shadhili, Ash-

The details of ash-Shadhili's life are clouded by legend. He is said to have been a direct descendant of the Prophet Muhammad and to have gone blind in his youth because of excessive study. In 1218/19 he traveled to Tunisia,

Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett

Refused admission to medical schools, Anderson began in 1860 to study privately with accredited physicians and in London hospitals and was licensed to practice in 1865 by the Society of Apothecaries. She was appointed (1866) general

Biblical Literature, The conclusion of the Sinai sojourn

The book opens with a command from God to Moses, early in the second year after the Exodus, to take a census of the arms-bearing men over 20 in each of the clans of Israel. Moses and Aaron, aided by the clan chiefs, take the count, clan by clan, and reach a total of 603,550 men - according to critical scholars, an unbelievably large total for the time and conditions. The Levites, to whom is entrusted

Hvarenah

In Zoroastrianism, the attribute of kingly glory. Introduced to the Persian religion from Iran as part of Mithraism, hvarenah is thought of as a shining halo that descends on a leader and makes him sacred. The king thus proclaims himself divine and can rule with absolute power in the name of God. The concept of hvarenah was especially popular with the Roman emperors,

Qatar

Qatar's economic prosperity is derived from petroleum, which was discovered in 1939 and first produced in 1949, and from natural gas. Before World War II, Qatar's population lacked any economic occupation apart from pearling, fishing, and some trade and was one of the poorest in the world. By the 1970s, however, the native Qataris enjoyed one of the highest per capita incomes in the world,

Robbe-grillet, Alain

Trained as a statistician and agronomist, he claimed to write novels for his time, especially attentive �to the ties that exist between objects, gestures, and situations, avoiding

Robbe-grillet, Alain

Trained as a statistician and agronomist, he claimed to write novels for his time, especially attentive �to the ties that exist between objects, gestures, and situations, avoiding

Tlaxcala

In full� Tlaxcala De Xicoht�ncatl, � town, capital of Tlaxcala estado (�state�), east-central Mexico. It lies along the Zahuapan River at the northwest foot of La Malinche volcano, 7,388 feet (2,252 m) above sea level. The city lies in the region inhabited by the Tlaxcalan Indians, and the designation �de Xicoht�ncatl� commemorates a Tlaxcalan chieftain who vigorously opposed his people's aid to the Spanish conquistador

Agricultural Sciences, The

Food is the most basic human need. The domestication and cultivation of plants and animals beginning almost 10,000 years

Y�thion

Also spelled �Githion�, historically �Gythium� small port of Laconia, southern Peloponnese, Greece. It lies at the northwestern extremity of the Lakonik�s Gulf at the mouth of the Gythius River. The town is connected by a causeway to Marathon�si Island, on which, according to the 2nd-century-AD Greek geographer Pausanias, the legendary Paris celebrated his nuptials with Helen. Y�thion is built on the site of Migonium,

Sea Pansy

Any of certain marine animals of the sea pen (q.v.) group.

Italy, Flag Of

A rich history of flags and coats of arms has existed in Italy since at least the 1200s, but the lack of national unification meant that there was no recognized flag representing all Italian-populated areas. The nationalism inspired by the French Revolution led to the formation of political and military groups throughout Italy dedicated to replacing the old autocratic