Hill, Phil

Hill began in racing as a mechanic for midget-car racing in the Santa Monica, Calif., area where he grew up. He won his first sports car competition in 1949 and became a Formula I car racer for Ferrari in 1956. He was a disciplined perfectionist in car preparation, and in study of the course. His world

Uxmal

The site is the most important representative of the Puuc architectural style, which flourished in the Late Classic Period (AD 600 - 900). Characteristics

Jackson, Mahalia

Laurraine Goreau, Just Mahalia, Baby (1975, reprinted 1984); Jules Schwerin, Got to Tell It: Mahalia Jackson, Queen of Gospel (1992).

Nilo-saharan Languages

The original expansion of the Nilo-Saharan family may have been associated with the Aquatic industry. This industry, which dates to the 8th millennium BC, is a conglomeration of cultures that exploited the food resources of lakes, rivers, and surrounding areas from Lake Rudolf in East Africa to the bend of the Niger River in West Africa during a long era of wetter climate

Nilo-saharan Languages

The original expansion of the Nilo-Saharan family may have been associated with the Aquatic industry. This industry, which dates to the 8th millennium BC, is a conglomeration of cultures that exploited the food resources of lakes, rivers, and surrounding areas from Lake Rudolf in East Africa to the bend of the Niger River in West Africa during a long era of wetter climate

Auber, Daniel-fran�ois-esprit

Composer who was prominent in the development of opera containing spoken as well as sung passages (op�ra comique). The great contemporary success of his works was due in part to the expertly tailored librettos of Eug�ne Scribe and in part to Auber's spirited musical settings, which were influenced by Rossini and well suited to French taste. One

Steel, Vacuum treatment

Exposing steel to vacuum conditions has a profound effect on all metallurgical reactions involving gases. First, it lowers the level of gases dissolved in liquid steel. Hydrogen, for example, is readily removed in a vacuum to less than two parts per million. Nitrogen is not as mobile in liquid steel as hydrogen, so that only 15 to 30 percent is typically removed during a 20-minute

Blood Typing

Classification of an individual's blood in terms of specific, distinctive antigenic characteristics that are inherited and are associated with the red blood cells. The ABO and the Rh blood groups (qq.v.) are among those most commonly considered. Identification of these determinants has become indispensable in connection with blood transfusion, because recipient

Ahmad Al-mansur

Ahmad

Wage And Salary, Wages-fund theory

Smith said that the demand for labour could not increase except in proportion to the increase of the funds destined for the payment of wages. Ricardo maintained that an increase in capital would result in an increase in demand for labour. Statements such as these foreshadowed the wages-fund theory, which held that a predetermined fund of wealth existed for the payment

Siskind, Aaron

Siskind began to photograph in 1932, while he was an English teacher in the New York City public-school system. As a member of the Photo League, he participated in projects designed to document

Priesthood

The function of the priest as the mediator and maintainer of the equilibrium between the sacred and the profane in human society, and as the stabilizer of the social structures and the cultic organizations, determines the various criteria for holding the priestly office. In preliterate society the functions are accomplished by ritual experts who are trained

Heian Period

In Japanese history, the period between 794 and 1185, named for the location of the Imperial capital, which was moved from Nara to Heian-kyo (Kyoto) in 794. The Chinese pattern of centralized government that was first adopted in the Nara period (710 - 784) gradually changed as the growth of private estates (shoen), exempt from taxation, encroached upon the public domain and reduced the substance

Romilly, Sir Samuel

English legal reformer whose chief efforts were devoted to lessening the severity of English criminal law. His attacks on the laws authorizing capital punishment for a host of minor felonies and misdemeanours, such as begging by soldiers and sailors without a permit, were partly successful during his lifetime and contributed to reforms

Levittown

Extensive, unincorporated suburban housing development in Bucks county, eastern Pennsylvania, U.S., near the big bend of the Delaware River, approximately midway between Philadelphia and Trenton, New Jersey. It was built between 1951 and 1958 by Levitt

Europe, Caledonian orogenic belt

The major factor that controlled the early mid-Paleozoic development of Europe was the opening and closing of the Iapetus Ocean, which gave rise to the Caledonian orogenic belt that extends from Ireland and Wales through northern England and Scotland to western Norway and northward to Finnmark in northern Norway. The belt is confined between the stable blocks

Ashford, Evelyn

At her high school in California, Ashford was invited to join the all-male track-and-field team when she outdistanced a number of its members in a series of races; she cocaptained the team her senior year. She received one of the first athletic scholarships awarded to a woman by the University

Susanoo

Susanoo descended into the land of Izumo in western Japan

Kinship

Freud's concern was with the origin of the incest taboo, which is practically universal in human society. He believed that children have a secret desire to commit incest

Arrian

Latin �in full Flavius Arrianus � Greek historian and philosopher who was the author of a work describing the campaigns of Alexander the Great. Entitled Anabasis, presumably in order to recall Xenophon's work of that title, it describes Alexander's military exploits in seven books; an eighth, the Indica, tells of Indian customs and the voyage of Nearchus in the Persian

Scythian

Much of what is known of the history of the Scythians comes from the account of them by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, who visited their territory. In modern times this

Samanid Dynasty

The four grandsons of the dynasty's founder, Saman-Khoda, had been rewarded with provinces for their faithful service to the 'Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun: Nuh obtained Samarkand; Ahmad, Fergana; Yahya, Shash; and Elyas, Herat. Ahmad's son

Votic Language

Member of the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic language family, very nearly extinct. The few remaining Votic speakers live in the border area between Estonia and Russia (a region in which pressures to speak Russian or Estonian are not so great as they are in places of easier access). See also Finno-Ugric languages.

Stefan - boltzmann Law

Statement that the total radiant-heat energy emitted from a surface is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. Formulated in 1879 by Josef Stefan, an Austrian physicist, as a result of his experimental studies, the same law was derived in 1889 by Ludwig Boltzmann, also an Austrian physicist, from thermodynamical considerations: if E is the radiant heat

Gmunden

Town, Ober�sterreich Bundesland (�federal state�), north-central Austria, where the Traun River flows out of the Traunsee, a mountain lake. The site of Celtic and Roman settlements, Gmunden was fortified in the 12th century and chartered in the 13th. Its Baroque parish church on 13th-century foundations was consecrated in 1723, and the town hall dates from 1659. Once an important centre

Psamtik Ii

The Greek historian Herodotus, writing in the 5th century BC, refers briefly to an Ethiopian war of Psamtik, an expedition that contemporary records prove to have been of great importance. Perhaps suspecting a Cushite threat to Egypt,

Kyrenia Mountains

Mountain range in northern Cyprus extending east to west for about 100 miles (160 km) from Cape Andreas, on the Karpas Peninsula, to Cape Kormakiti. Rising from the coast a short distance inland, the range flanks a narrow coastal plain and reaches a maximum height of 3,360 feet (1,024 m) at Mount Kyparissovouno, in the western region, ending in low hills at the tip of Cape Andreas in the east.

Steeplechase

The sport dates back to a cross-country race at the University of Oxford in 1850. As an Olympic track event (for men only), it was first run in the 1900 Games, and by the 1920 Games it was standardized at 3,000 metres, or about 7.5 laps on a 400-metre track. The steeplechase